allele frequency was calculated in genodive

Therefore, to understand the autoimmunity mechanism, it is critical to determine HLA alleles susceptible and/or resistant to autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have analyzed HLA–peptide–T-cell receptor complexes and demonstrated the autoantigen recognition mechanism. However, despite accumulating evidence, it is unclear how genetic variations of HLA alleles lead to a risk of autoimmune diseases. Allelic and haplotypic differences between HLA alleles are associated mainly with human autoimmune diseases. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins provide peptides to T-cell receptors for the maintenance of self-tolerance and adapted immunity. Although the etiology of MMD remains undetermined, previous studies showed an association between autoimmunity and MMD, such as the high frequencies of thyroid dysfunction and type 1 diabetes among MMD patients. Thus, it is expected to unveil the pathogenesis of MMD and diagnose MMD before onset of stroke. Despite its rarity, MMD is one of the leading causes of cerebrovascular diseases among children and young adults in Japan and Korea. MMD is a relatively rare disease, as estimated incidence of MMD is 3.1–10.5/100,000 in Japanese population. MMD involves bilateral steno-occlusive changes at the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery and the formation of an abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain. Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic, occlusive cerebrovascular disease with unknown etiology.

Allele frequency was calculated in genodive